ANIMAL PSYCHOLOGY
Animals can communicate emotion to one another, but this does not qualify as language. Language is an exchange of information using non-fixed symbols(speech). Animals produce innate signals to warn or manipulate other animals (such as the screech of an eagle when it encounters predators). They cannot vary these sounds to create new signals that are arbitrary and content-rich, as do humans.
Animal Behavior
Animal behavior research is particularly relevant to the study of human behavior when it comes to the preservation of a species, or how an animal’s behavior helps it survive.
Animal-assisted therapy, in which dogs, horses, and other domestic animals help facilitate different forms of therapy, can be helpful for individuals who are socially isolated, living with a diagnosis on the autism spectrum, or suffering from a mood disorder or post-traumatic stress.
Interacting with animals has been found to increase humans' levels of oxytocin, a hormone that enhances social bonding. Animal behaviorists are also interested in the ways in which animals themselves may benefit from relationships with humans.
What causes Animal behavior ?
Animal behavior is a result of biology and environment. Behavioral changes are triggered by an internal or external cue, such as the appearance of a threat nearby. Animal responses are driven by the primal urges to survive and reproduce. While animal behavior can vary widely based on the individual, certain behavioral traits, like attention seeking and chasing prey, are genetically inherited, as with dog behavior.
How do you observe Animal behavior ?
While some animal behavior scholars perform experiments and study animals in a laboratory setting, others advocate watching animals in their natural habitats to get a clearer sense of what they do and how they allocate their time.
Some amazing facts about animal psychology
You might think that friendship is a completely unique human experience, but actually that’s not true at all. Not only do animals have friends, but cows have been shown in studies to have ‘best friends’, even showing signs of distress when they get separated from them.
#2. MANY ANIMALS CAN USE TOOLS:
Another trait that seems very human is the ability to think creatively and engineer solutions by using raw materials. Again though, this is something that animals can do too, not only can primates use sticks to fish ants out of trees and to club snakes (chimpanzees even make spears!), but many other animals have also found useful uses for the things in their environment. Some birds for instance use traffic in order to crack open nuts, while elephants have been known to short out electric fences by dropping branches on them.
Dolphins have been spotted using sponges to stir up sand on the ocean floor when looking for prey, Gorillas have used branches as walking sticks and to test water depth, octopuses use coconut shells to make armour and deguses (rodents similar to chinchillas) can use little rakes to bring food closer to their cage. Some chimps even have toys, treating sticks like ‘babies’ in the same way children used dolls. And what do you call a nest if not a bed made out of sticks? Don’t feel so special now do you?
#3. CHIMPANZEES BELIEVE IN GOD:
Okay not quite, but chimpanzees have been seen displaying behaviours that are thought to be ‘quasi religious’. When faced with fires, waterfalls or storms, chimpanzees (which are our closest relatives) have been seen to react with rituals and even to perform a particular ‘rain dance’. This could be the early signs of the same kind of ‘worship’ that ultimately lead to the kinds of religions we have today. Who knows? Perhaps they believe the rain is caused by the big chimp in the sky?
#4. CHIMPS CAN LIGHT FIRE:
Not impressed enough by chimpanzees ? How about this when in captivity they can actually be taught to control fire using matches and other similar tools. And we know what that discovery ultimately lead to for humans (tip: you wouldn’t be reading this if our early ancestors had never discovered fire…
#5. ALEX THE AMAZING PARROTS:
It’s not just chimps that challenge our view of animal psychology, also impressive are parrots and one parrot in particular, named Alex, demonstrated this to an amazing extent.
Alex was not only able to mimic words, but also use them in the correct context. identifying foods, shapes and even materials. More impressive still, he could use this ability to make requests for things he wanted. That’s not just mimicking that’s talking! Now imagine if you gave a chimpanzee a greater vocal range: what could they accomplish then?
#6. RATS LAUGH:
Laughing is a strange enough phenomenon as it is, but it’s even more unusual to think that animals can laugh in the same sense as we can. Actually that’s true, and rats will laugh when tickled under their bellies…
#7. SOME ANIMALS CAN COMMIT SUICIDE:
Giggling rats is a cute idea, but this one is a little more grim: both elephants and dolphins are known to be capable of committing suicide. When in harsh conditions an elephant will step on its own trunk in order to suffocate itself. Think about the implications for the intelligence of those animals: it means that they not only have a sense of ‘future’ (enough to know that their situation isn’t likely to change), but also a grasp of their own anatomy and their mortality…
#8. TARRA & BELLA:
The fact that elephants understand death isn’t something that’s new to us: and it’s a well-known fact that elephants not only keep graveyards but also mourn their dead. A tale that might still impress you however is that of Tarra and Bella, an elephant and a dog who became best friends and were inseparable for a long time. When Tarra the dog eventually died, Bella found the body and carried it back home to her sanctuary. Not only did Bella spend time mourning, once again showing an understanding for life and death.
#9. DOLPHINS HAVE NAMES:
Dolphins are another species that are often focussed on for their smarts. A recent finding that exemplifies this is that dolphins actually have names for one another (which form when other dolphins mimic the sounds they make), and recognise their own title when it is called by other dolphins.
#10. WHALES HAVE POP MUSIC:
When mating, whales will make a certain kind of ‘tune’ that sounds like music. Now that on its own is nice, but not particularly indicative of intelligence. What is impressive though, is that these tunes will spread throughout whale populations and come in and out of fashion, a ‘cultural’ exchange much like our own. I wonder if they have an equivalent of Gangnam Style?
#11. MALE PUPS LET FEMALES WIN:
When play fighting, male puppies will sometimes let female puppies win on purpose in order to keep them happy. Again, this suggests that they not only understand the nature of the game they’re playing, but are also able to empathise with the female puppies and predict how they are going to feel. This is something that some humans still apparently struggle with…
#12. MONKEYS LIKE JUSTICE:
And speaking of fairness, monkeys notice when receiving different payments for the same work and get understandably upset when they get the short shrift. This suggests that monkeys not only grasp fairness and equality, but also that they experience emotions like jealousy.
#13. PIGS CAN PLAY COMPUTER GAMES:
In one study, pigs were taught to play computer games in order to win treats. They can play basic games like Pong and Breakout (though ‘Call of Duty’ is a little above them) and even more impressive is the fact that you can now play with them using an iPad and a copy of ‘Pig Chase’. Technically that’s also an example of a pig using an iPhone and the internet.
Are Pets Good For Your Health ?
Humans and house pets such as dogs have co-evolved ever since humans first domesticated animals some 14,000 years ago. Dogs and cats are beloved creatures the world over and are the lynchpin of a multi-billion-dollar pet product industry.
The so-called pet effect is the widespread belief that owning a pet will make one healthier and happier. This effect may be more anecdotal than reality-based, as many studies find no support or even counter-evidence for the idea that living with a pet enhances human quality of life. In rare cases, pets can transmit serious disorders, such as toxoplasmosis via cat's litter boxes or autoimmune disorders associated with pet birds.
That said, in an era when contact with the natural world is on the decline for many, humans' complex and loving relationships with house pets will endure.
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